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    Tuesday, June 11, 2002

    History Lessons: I'm only halfway through Pox Americana : The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82 by Elizabeth Fenn, but so far it's been a great read. (Life too often gets in the way of my reading, so I'm a little slow). The first third of the book covers the experience of the Continental Army with a smallpox epidemic that raged up and down the eastern seaboard. The Americans had a low level of immunity to the disease and were particularly susceptible, especially those from New England and the South. In those areas, there were fewer immigrants from Europe and more people who had lived in America all their lives. They were thus less likely to have been exposed to smallpox at some point. In addition, the colonies in both regions did not allow inoculation, largely out of fears of its side effects. (In those days, to obtain immunity they would scratch some pus from a smallpox pustule into their skin. It was risky because it gave you a slight case of smallpox. This is different from vaccination which uses the cowpox virus to achieve the same thing. Vaccination is much less risky than inoculation.) Troops from the colonies in the Middle Atlantic area fared much better. Their states allowed inoculation and they had more European immigrants among them who had been exposed in the past. Thus, they had greater levels of immunity. The British were the same. They allowed inoculation and they had more men who had been exposed to the disease in the past.

    The beginning of the war corresponded to the beginning of the smallpox epidemic. Washington, fearing that inoculation would spread the disease further, did not allow its use among the troops. The British, however, did just the opposite. It was their policy to identify men among their ranks who had never had smallpox and inoculate them. The result was that the Americans were decimated by the disease and the British hardly noticed it. Fenn blames the disease for the American defeat on the Plains of Abraham. By the time Washington and his troops were gathered in Valley Forge, he realized the folly of his anti-inoculation position. He reversed his stance, and all nonimmune troops and new recruits were inoculated on arrival. Smallpox among the troops declined, and the course of the war turned.

    Now let's see, a population with very little immunity, a policy against preventive steps; sounds familiar, no? Maybe the folks at the CDC should read Elizabeth Fenn, or at least ask her to attend their conference this month. And while they're at it, invite some historians with expertise in the conquest of Central America, when smallpox was the great ally of the conquering Spaniards. They could remind the good doctors just what smallpox was like among populations with no immunity. Let's hope our leaders have the wisdom to learn from history.

    NOTE: I changed the link for the book to Barne's and Noble, since Amazon seems to only be offering the paperback version now, which hasn't been published yet. (Just in case any of you are anal enough to notice such a thing)
     

    posted by Sydney on 6/11/2002 06:13:00 AM 0 comments

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